{"id":14886,"date":"2024-07-30T14:39:14","date_gmt":"2024-07-30T12:39:14","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/themacsebi.cluster011.ovh.net\/?p=14886"},"modified":"2024-08-01T11:52:40","modified_gmt":"2024-08-01T09:52:40","slug":"measurement-of-the-thermal-resistance-of-super-insulators-for-storing-liquid-hydrogen-in-cryogenic-conditions","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/themacs-engineering.com\/en\/actualites-en\/measurement-of-the-thermal-resistance-of-super-insulators-for-storing-liquid-hydrogen-in-cryogenic-conditions\/","title":{"rendered":"Measurement of the thermal resistance of super-insulators for storing liquid hydrogen in cryogenic conditions"},"content":{"rendered":"<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-post\" data-elementor-id=\"14886\" class=\"elementor elementor-14886\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-0293b43 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"0293b43\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-8e28497\" data-id=\"8e28497\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6c5eefc elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"6c5eefc\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>In many fields, particularly space and aeronautics, transporting hydrogen in a liquid state is often the only solution. This requires very well insulated reservoirs. In this context, we have been asked to characterise materials in cryogenic conditions.<\/p><p><strong>What kind of insulation is needed to store liquid hydrogen ?<\/strong><\/p><p>To find out, you need to measure the performance of these different types of insulation :<\/p><ul><li>loose insulation<\/li><li>Aerogels<\/li><li>MLI (Multi Layer Insulator)<\/li><\/ul><p>To assess this, we have developed a standardised platform for measuring vacuum insulation in cryogenic conditions. This device complies with the ASTM C1774 standard. This experimental device is also operational on loose insulation such as aerogels. The device also operates at atmospheric pressure if required.<\/p><p>This article describes this device, which will be upgraded in the coming months to measure up to 20K, the temperature at which liquid hydrogen is stored.<\/p><p>This device is part of a set of measurement benches that have been developed to characterise components and materials down to 20K (thermal conductivity, modulus of elasticity, dilatometry, etc.), because although measurements at 77K are currently being carried out, we would like to be able to go lower in temperature to meet the growing demand for characterisation.<\/p><p>A measuring device has been developed to measure the thermal resistance of a super-insulator (e.g. a multi-layer insulator). It consists of a cylindrical tank with an external diameter of 114 mm and a height of 450 mm. This measuring tank is flanked by two other cylindrical tanks of the same diameter and 100mm high. The device is similar to the one described in ASTM C1774 in Figure 1. The three tanks are filled with liquid nitrogen. The two tanks at the ends act as thermal guards. The power passing through the insulation is measured by the mass flow rate of vaporised nitrogen, knowing the latent heat of the nitrogen.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-e4d4719 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"e4d4719\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-4a0210e\" data-id=\"4a0210e\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a0409a1 elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"a0409a1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img fetchpriority=\"high\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"650\" height=\"631\" src=\"https:\/\/themacs-engineering.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/meesure-de-la-resistance-thermique-themacs-ingenierie-13.jpg\" class=\"attachment-medium_large size-medium_large wp-image-14888\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/themacs-engineering.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/meesure-de-la-resistance-thermique-themacs-ingenierie-13.jpg 650w, https:\/\/themacs-engineering.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/meesure-de-la-resistance-thermique-themacs-ingenierie-13-300x291.jpg 300w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 650px) 100vw, 650px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-87fa9a9 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"87fa9a9\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-520ed23\" data-id=\"520ed23\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a5879ce elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"a5879ce\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>Measuring devices :<br \/><\/strong><\/p><p>The temperature of the inner chamber is 77K. The outer chamber is measured by several<br \/>thermocouples glued to the outer chamber.<br \/>Flow rates are measured by two mass flowmeters specially calibrated for pure nitrogen. The two flowmeters cover the entire useful flow range.<br \/>The system is shown in Figures 2 to 5.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-6f95233 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"6f95233\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-3568626\" data-id=\"3568626\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-dc41710 elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"dc41710\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img decoding=\"async\" width=\"745\" height=\"607\" src=\"https:\/\/themacs-engineering.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/meesure-de-la-resistance-thermique-themacs-ingenierie-15.jpg\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-14890\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/themacs-engineering.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/meesure-de-la-resistance-thermique-themacs-ingenierie-15.jpg 745w, https:\/\/themacs-engineering.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/meesure-de-la-resistance-thermique-themacs-ingenierie-15-300x244.jpg 300w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 745px) 100vw, 745px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-cefe214 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"cefe214\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-73fa8cc\" data-id=\"73fa8cc\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-f6717e9 elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"f6717e9\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img decoding=\"async\" width=\"749\" height=\"689\" src=\"https:\/\/themacs-engineering.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/meesure-de-la-resistance-thermique-themacs-ingenierie-16.jpg\" class=\"attachment-medium_large size-medium_large wp-image-14891\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/themacs-engineering.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/meesure-de-la-resistance-thermique-themacs-ingenierie-16.jpg 749w, https:\/\/themacs-engineering.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/meesure-de-la-resistance-thermique-themacs-ingenierie-16-300x276.jpg 300w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 749px) 100vw, 749px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-e4078e3 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"e4078e3\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-d2a59eb\" data-id=\"d2a59eb\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-65f790a elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"65f790a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>Principle of measurement :<\/strong><\/p><p>ASTM C1774 suggests calculating the power delivered through the insulation using the<br \/>following equation:<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-266294d elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"266294d\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-e904ba9\" data-id=\"e904ba9\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-44385f1 elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"44385f1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"231\" height=\"54\" src=\"https:\/\/themacs-engineering.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/meesure-de-la-resistance-thermique-themacs-ingenierie-5.jpg\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-14865\" alt=\"\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-cfb6baf elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"cfb6baf\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-6bb8415\" data-id=\"6bb8415\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a7baf40 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"a7baf40\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Where Q is the power in W, \ud835\udc49\u0307 is the volumetric flow rate in m3\/s, \ud835\udf0c the density in kg\/m3 at the gas temperature at which the flow rate is measured and \ud835\udc3f\ud835\udc63 \ud835\udc5a\ud835\udc4e\ud835\udc60\ud835\udc60\ud835\udc56\ud835\udc5e\ud835\udc62\ud835\udc52 the latent heat of vaporisation in J\/kg. Here are the values that have been taken for the latent heats:<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-4183531 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"4183531\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-2d10679\" data-id=\"2d10679\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-72224e3 elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"72224e3\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"436\" height=\"119\" src=\"https:\/\/themacs-engineering.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/meesure-de-la-resistance-thermique-themacs-ingenierie-17.jpg\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-14892\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/themacs-engineering.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/meesure-de-la-resistance-thermique-themacs-ingenierie-17.jpg 436w, https:\/\/themacs-engineering.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/meesure-de-la-resistance-thermique-themacs-ingenierie-17-300x82.jpg 300w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 436px) 100vw, 436px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-da45c6e elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"da45c6e\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-c8c2222\" data-id=\"c8c2222\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-bfa60b5 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"bfa60b5\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>The choice here was different, using mass flowmeters calibrated for nitrogen.<br \/>This means that the temperature of the gas at the outlet is no longer an issue, since it is the quantity of material that is measured:<\/p><p>Molar flow :<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-040318e elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"040318e\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-969b5a5\" data-id=\"969b5a5\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-60a74be elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"60a74be\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"256\" height=\"74\" src=\"https:\/\/themacs-engineering.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/meesure-de-la-resistance-thermique-themacs-ingenierie-7.jpg\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-14867\" alt=\"\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-cbefb83 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"cbefb83\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-cba3a0a\" data-id=\"cba3a0a\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-9cfe6d3 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"9cfe6d3\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Where P is the pressure in Pa, T the temperature of the CNTP in K, \ud835\udc5b\u0307 the molar flow rate in mol\/s, \ud835\udc49\u0307\ud835\udc36\ud835\udc41\ud835\udc47\ud835\udc43 the volume flow rate back to the CNTP in m3\/s and R the perfect gas constant in J\/mol\/K.<\/p><p>This gives a final heating power :<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-e9937dd elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"e9937dd\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-e6ad15e\" data-id=\"e6ad15e\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5c165eb elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"5c165eb\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"255\" height=\"45\" src=\"https:\/\/themacs-engineering.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/meesure-de-la-resistance-thermique-themacs-ingenierie-12.jpg\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-14869\" alt=\"\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-8ac0b6f elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"8ac0b6f\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-fe0cbff\" data-id=\"fe0cbff\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-fc2bb51 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"fc2bb51\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>In the end, we have :<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-ed8b5f7 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"ed8b5f7\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-2fbc5eb\" data-id=\"2fbc5eb\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c3feb00 elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"c3feb00\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"296\" height=\"68\" src=\"https:\/\/themacs-engineering.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/meesure-de-la-resistance-thermique-themacs-ingenierie-8.jpg\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-14868\" alt=\"\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-9ab66bd elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"9ab66bd\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-3423de9\" data-id=\"3423de9\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-73bcedb elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"73bcedb\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>The principle is to measure the volume flow rate of vaporised nitrogen under normal conditions of temperature and pressure (CNTP) once the gas has been heated to room temperature. The flow rate measurement is a mass flow rate, but the measurement is given by the flow meter in mL\/min in the CNTPs. This flow rate is referred to normal conditions. It is therefore a quantity of matter.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-11a4cea elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"11a4cea\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-be3c5db\" data-id=\"be3c5db\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0d39234 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"0d39234\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>Calculation of apparent conductivity :<\/strong><\/p><p>In accordance with the C168 standard, thermal conductivity applies to a homogeneous material with a single mode of heat transfer and is generally independent of thickness. Apparent thermal conductivity applies to a material that exhibits thermal transmission by several heat transfer modes, which often leads to variations in property as a function of thickness, surface emissivity, cellular or interstitial content, etc. The use of the term \u00ab\u00a0apparent\u00a0\u00bb must always be accompanied by the conditions of the measurement. These problems of use arise for homogeneous materials ; the variations in properties are often even more pronounced in the case of cryogenic vacuum tests.<\/p><p>We chose to use the surface of the inner measurement cylinder (114mm diameter) as the reference surface for calculating the flux. Given the thinness of the insulation, this does not lead to a bias of more than 1% (instead of using an axisymmetric model that takes the logarithm of the diameter ratio in the calculation).<\/p><p>The flow is therefore written as :<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-a9a0f43 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"a9a0f43\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-c541eac\" data-id=\"c541eac\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-32e904b elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"32e904b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"153\" height=\"71\" src=\"https:\/\/themacs-engineering.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/meesure-de-la-resistance-thermique-themacs-ingenierie-9.jpg\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-14870\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/themacs-engineering.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/meesure-de-la-resistance-thermique-themacs-ingenierie-9.jpg 153w, https:\/\/themacs-engineering.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/meesure-de-la-resistance-thermique-themacs-ingenierie-9-150x71.jpg 150w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 153px) 100vw, 153px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-81a4673 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"81a4673\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-ec718a0\" data-id=\"ec718a0\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e101911 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"e101911\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Where \u03a6 is the flux in W\/m2 and S the surface area of the measuring cylinder in m2 This gives a thermal resistance :<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-6915295 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"6915295\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-c5bb3cf\" data-id=\"c5bb3cf\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-47f9f7d elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"47f9f7d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"123\" height=\"71\" src=\"https:\/\/themacs-engineering.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/meesure-de-la-resistance-thermique-themacs-ingenierie-10.jpg\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-14871\" alt=\"\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-3c35cce elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"3c35cce\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-77d2953\" data-id=\"77d2953\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ca7ca50 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"ca7ca50\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>R is the thermal resistance in K.m2\/W and \u0394T is the temperature difference between the<br \/>measuring cylinder and the temperature of the external cylinder in K.<\/p><p>Resistance seems to be the most interesting parameter to compare because it is not subject to the hazards of measuring thickness, which can be highly variable.<\/p><p>Apparent conductivity is calculated using the same approximation as for flux (assumption of a flat, non-cylindrical surface):<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-1a92474 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"1a92474\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-796d7d5\" data-id=\"796d7d5\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a5dac58 elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"a5dac58\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"104\" height=\"55\" src=\"https:\/\/themacs-engineering.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/meesure-de-la-resistance-thermique-themacs-ingenierie-11.jpg\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-14872\" alt=\"\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-9da4138 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"9da4138\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-89d3f61\" data-id=\"89d3f61\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-eed269f elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"eed269f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>We are now able to carry out routine measurements of the thermal properties of these insulators, and look forward to being able to carry out these measurements at 20K in the near future.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-258572c elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"258572c\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-cca044b\" data-id=\"cca044b\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a25a7c9 elementor-align-center elementor-widget elementor-widget-button\" data-id=\"a25a7c9\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"button.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-button-wrapper\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<a class=\"elementor-button elementor-button-link elementor-size-sm\" href=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/Article-MLI-en.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-button-content-wrapper\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-button-icon\">\n\t\t\t\t<i aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"far fa-arrow-alt-circle-down\"><\/i>\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-button-text\">Download the full article<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"In many fields, particularly space and aeronautics, transporting hydrogen in a liquid state is often the only solution. 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